Review Essay - 768 Words

Ch. 9: Critical Thinking 1. What organizational method might you use to arrange main points for speeches with the following specific purpose statements To inform my audience of the causes and effects of Parkinson’s Disease Casual Order because the speech is describing of causes and effects To inform my audience about the major kinds of symbols used in Native American art Topical order because major kinds of symbols can be divided into subtopics To persuade my audience about that the state legislature should enact tougher laws to curb the problem of predatory lending to college students Problem-solution because a problem is introduced, and the speech also proposes a solution. To inform my audience about the major stages of the†¦show more content†¦Fradulent charity fund-raising is a wide-spread national problem. II. The problem can be solved by a combination of government regulation and individual awareness Problem-Solution – Fradulent charity is a problem that needs to be solved I. At the top of the rainforest is the emergent layer, where trees can be 200 feet tall. II. Below the emergent layer is the canopy, where vegetation is so dense that it filters out 80% of the sunlight. III. Beneath the canopy is the understory, where trees are less than 12 feet tall and grow large leaves to collect the small amount of sunlight. IV. At the bottom is the forest floor, where there are almost no plants because of the lack of sunlight Spatial Order – directional pattern starting from top of the rainforest to the bottom of the rainforest. I. Sonia Sotomayor is best known as the first Hispanic justice of the US Supreme Court. II. Sonia Sotomayor is also an accomplished communicator who has given hundreds of public speeches Topical Order – discusses different roles/accomplishments of Sonia Sotomayor I. Founded in 1948, Nascar was limited primarily to the South through the 1950s and 1960s. II. The modern era of NASCAR began in the 1970s with the development of the pounts system to crown a yearly champion. III. Today NASCAR is one of the most popular spectator sports in America Chronological Order – historical background of NASCAR I. Caused by an anti-biotic resistant strain ofShow MoreRelatedBook Review : A Review Of A Book Review1431 Words   |  6 Pages Book reviews are just that: a review of a book. They can be used for news articles, blogs, or academic journals. A book review is more than just a book report. It can give the reader more of an insight into not just the book, but the author as well. Most authors write of what they know. For example, some authors have backgrounds in law enforcement so they write about cases they know or have worked. Other authors research groups of people, for example the Knights Templar, and write of whatRead MorePeer Review825 Words   |  4 PagesENGL112 Peer Review Worksheet INSTRUCTIONS: Peer Reviews will be conducted in class discussion forums during Week 7. Be sure to review the Lecture and the Discussion area for additional details and guidance. Please complete the following steps below, returning a separate peer review worksheet for each of the two classmates whose papers you review. This assignment is worth 50 points. * You will receive 10 points for submitting your draft by the required deadline. * You will receive 20 pointsRead MoreTypes Of Peer Review : Review1158 Words   |  5 PagesTypes of peer review There are different journals which follow different types of peer review, based on the kind of research they publish as well as their journal management style. The single and double-blinded peer reviews are the most commonly adopted by many journals. In the single-blind review, the reviewer is aware of the author’s identity, but not vice versa. In the double-blind review, both the author and reviewer are not aware of the other’s identity. In the recent time, some academic journalsRead MoreTried And Tested:. 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Occasionally a user will offer their opinion in the form of a book review, although it is informal and still often takes the form of a recommendation. Perhaps the best example is a post from November of last year concerning The Faults in Our Stars. In the post, the author comments on how much she enjoys the writing ofRead MoreCRITICAL APPRAISAL OF A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND NARRATIVE REVIEW3844 Words   |  13 Pagesï » ¿CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND NARRATIVE REVIEW RELATED TO COMPUTERISED PHYSICIAN ORDER ENTRY SYSTEM The author of this paper is a nurse educator working in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) within the north-west region of England. For the purpose of this paper, the author has chosen a systematic review (SR) and a narrative review (NR) and aims to critically analyse these reviews using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) tool. The CASP tool has been developed by the SolutionsRead MoreWhat Is Peer Review?960 Words   |  4 PagesThe literature review What is peer review? Peer review is the evaluation of scholarly and academic articles by other researchers or scientists who are expert in the field and qualified enough to perform a reasonably neutral review. It is an indispensable part of the process of the scholarly publication. Most academic journals rely on scholarly peer review, or refereeing, to help editors evaluate the quality of articles submitted to their journals. The review process is a skill, which is learnedRead MoreEssay Literature Review1001 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature Review The purpose of this research project is for you to create a scholarly piece of graduate-level research and writing, which conforms to APA format. Competency in the APA format is required of all Business graduates of Liberty University, as set forth by policy of both the Graduate Faculty and the administration. 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Academic Integrity And Student Plagiarism - 1622 Words

This essay concerns the issues of academic integrity as plagiarism and buying essays. This work addresses, much attention will be paid to the background of breaches of academic integrity. Students’ behavior will be described and thoroughly analyzed. This essay will provide an understanding that current educational system itself creates prerequisites for such violations. Nowadays, American students try to subvert the educational system by using plagiarism in essays. The educational system tries to withstand these manifestations of dishonesty by using different methodologies. The first method is psychological reflected in creation of so-called honor codes. Susan D. Blum in her article Academic Integrity and Student Plagiarism: a Question of Education, Not Ethics stated that â€Å"such codes appeal to the desire of students to do the right thing† (Blum). Students are considered to be valuable associates of the academic society, who should govern their own conduct towards studied material. The second method is educational and proclaims the necessity of citing other’s work according to specially developed rules. Proper organization of citations is considered to be a valuable part of the learning process. The third methodology lies in checking students’ works with numerous plagiarism searches like Turnitin, Plagiarim.org, etc (Moore). All these methodologies have one general aim – preventing and decreasing the amount of plagiarism in essays and academic cheating in students’ works.Show MoreRelatedWhy Plagiarism Is Important For Academic Integrity?1731 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is the Role of Plagiarism in regards to Academic Integrity? Plagiarism, â€Å"the act of using another person s words or ideas without giving credit to that person: the act of plagiarizing something† (Merriam-Webster, 2017), is said to be reaching epidemic proportions (Park,2003). Throughout history, plagiarism has been an issue, however, the severity and the implications where not fully understood until the development of the printing press in the 17th century. Now in the age of information sharingRead MorePlagiarism Is Not The Right Way903 Words   |  4 PagesPlagiarism has been around for a long time, nowadays it’s easier to tell if someone plagiarizes. Plagiarism is not the way to go it is not worth the risk and definitely has it consequences. Plagiarism is an act or instance of using or closely imitating the thoughts of another author without authorization and passing it as your own (Dictionary.com). Plagiarism is the work of those who are not willing to put in the time and effort it takes to write original content. Which can be a form of cheatingRead MorePlagiarism And Plagiarism For Academic Integrity995 Words   |  4 Pages In my opinion, academic integrity refers to the principles associated with being honest and responsible in one academic work. Academic integrity is a vital concept for all academic institutions throughout the globe especially in an era where academic dishonesty is gaining momentum. Cheating and plagiarism represent unethical academic behaviors against which higher academic institutions have been battling against. Nowadays, plagiarism and cheating tools have been greatly influenced by new technologicalRead MoreEssay about Academic Integrity - 31056 Words   |  5 PagesAcademic Integrity Paper University of Phoenix October 8, 2012 Academic Integrity This paper will speak of Academic Integrity. What it means to use it correctly and the consequences when wrongfully used. I will voice my views along with the views of others on how Academic Integrity is good rule to follow to write a paper. The paper will also be speaking of the disciplinary action that will be put into place and how students have to go through steps to completing those disciplinary terms. Read MoreAcademic Integrity : The Moral Code Or Ethical Policy Of Academia1487 Words   |  6 PagesParikh March 12, 2017 Q-course Section I Academic integrity is the moral code or ethical policy of academia. This includes values such as avoidance of cheating or plagiarism; maintenance of academic standards; honesty and rigor in research and academic publishing (Wikipedia). Academic integrity reminds students to work honestly without any type of cheating. Plagiarism is one way that breaks academic integrity. Plagiarism is when you take someone’s else’s work or idea without givingRead MoreAction Plan and Annotated Bibliography on Maintaining Academic Honesty1390 Words   |  6 PagesAction plan: maintaining academic honesty Academic dishonesty is a serious issue for anyone regardless of the discipline they are pursuing or the contextual factors. It undermines the quality of the end product such as the services that the person engaging in academic dishonesty will provide in the future. It also beats the purpose of going through academic institutions that provide facilities and facilitators in the education process. Academic dishonesty is, therefore, wrong in all forms and isRead MoreThe Silent Harm of Plagiarism Essay1009 Words   |  5 Pagesmind when we think about plagiarism, many people may think of theft or the act of stealing intellectual property. According to Webster-Merriams’ dictionary, plagiarism is â€Å"the act stealing and passing off (the ideas and words of others) as one’s own† (Webster-Merriam). Webster seems to have left a little something out. Plagiarism is not just the act of stealing one’s work. It is also the result of ethical deterioration of academic i ntegrity. In the discussion of plagiarism, a controversial issue isRead MoreAcademic Integrity And Student Conduct Office939 Words   |  4 Pagesassignment given in the class, in which professor found the traces of plagiarism and he forwarded it to the student conduct office. At the student conduct office, I came to know where I have done a mistake and I felt that I am responsible for violation of section B.01.d Academic Misconduct: Plagiarism in the second hearing along with the professor. At this point I came to know how important to be responsible to keep up academic integrity while doing the assignments and home works given by the professorsRead MorePlagiarism and the Deterioration of Ethical Values Essay1007 Words   |  5 PagesWhat comes to ones mind when we think about plagiarism, according to Webster-Merriams’ dictionary plagiarism is â€Å"the act stealing and passing off (the ideas and words of others) as ones own† (Webster-Merriam). Webster seems to have left a little something out, plagiarism is not just the act of stealing ones work, it is also the result of ethical deterioration of academic integrity. In discussion of plagiarism, a controversial issue is whether plagiarism is taken serious enough and what the severityRead Mo rePlagiarism, Cheating And Academic Standards1674 Words   |  7 Pagesothers as your own without referencing known as plagiarism. This is cheating and degrades academic standards. One of the most important contributing factors that make plagiarism a worldwide problem is the simple access to web assets, where all the investigative papers and reports are effectively accessible. It has been evaluated that plagiarism has always been an area of interest for both administrators and teachers when they want efforts of students in order to reflect the learning consequences.

Rifleman Dodd Essay Example For Students

Rifleman Dodd Essay Rifleman Dodd is a fascinating book by C.S. Forester  published in 1932, which portrays a story of the  18th  century war about a warrior called Matthew Dodd. This story begins with rifleman  Dodd and some  French  Soldiers led by Sergeant  Godinot. Dodd  was a British rifleman who was left behind enemy lines. There are a lot of lessons learned  from this book. This warrior was left by Lord Wellington of the British Army in the heat of battle. Matthew realized his circumstances and carried on with his mission, day and night to kill the French  people  and prevent them from building a bridge across the Tagus river. Matthew was forced to survive behind enemy lines for some month with help from  some local Portuguese. Summary of this book describes everything Matthew  went through  day and night  as he fights to get back to his men. Outline1 A little history about Matthew Dodd2 Challenges faced By Rifleman  Dodd3 Major characters of Rifleman Dodd that made him overcome the challenges A little history about Matthew Dodd Dodd is a British foot soldier in the Napoleonic Wars, also known as Peninsular War. Matthew served in the 95th rifle for the British. The warrior was known as a green-shirted man while other wore red clothes. He was separated from his regiment when they retreated and left him behind enemy lines in Portugal. Rifleman Dodd killed Frenchmen he came across, one by one in order for him to get back to his men and during that process, he showed great leadership skills, tenacity and commitment to his mission. Matthew made a friend called idiot who he left by the hillside because of cold, starvation and fever. It was a tough decision for him. Matthew experienced the death of a lot of his friends which he made in Portugal, his two friends from Portugal were hanged before his eyes. Local Portuguese villagers who helped him were slaughtered by the Frenchmen. But he was able in the midst of great despair to kill a handful of Sergeant Godinot’s men allowing British men to win. He hides in bushes to carry out his hit and run war tactics on the enemy camp. Matthew also ambushed Frenchmen wherever they went and killed them one by one. The French people became scared of him and started calling him devil. He was skillful with his rifle which gave him superiority over the French people who were using muskets. He was able to join his fellow brothers and sisters after a few months of fighting day and night. Challenges faced By Rifleman  Dodd Rifleman  Dodd faced three major challenges when he was left behind enemy lines in  the heat of  battle. Starvation. Fatigue. The Portuguese boy he met. Starvation This was a major challenge for him which could have had a negative effect on his response to danger. He only ate what was enough to give him energy, giving him the privilege to save food and conserve energy he needs in battle. Fatigue This is a state of weariness which was a major challenge for him as it is for every soldier in wars. Dodd overcame  fatigue and continued with his mission. He was able to sleep at night with his rifle in his hand while carrying his pack, in case he has to defend himself or others. He then wakes up in the morning to continue killing them. Lack of dwelling place contributed to his fatigue. The Portuguese boy he met This was the greatest challenge for him because he didnt know if he could trust him. Matthew would need to share some  food which was not enough with him. The boy called Idiot was able to convince him because  idiot  understood their language and knew the villages better. Matthew  was able to overcome this  challenge out of the kindness of his heart and later, trusted him. Idiot  became his personal navigator  and translator. .ud568aff9970ad073afb4070b645f6324 , .ud568aff9970ad073afb4070b645f6324 .postImageUrl , .ud568aff9970ad073afb4070b645f6324 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud568aff9970ad073afb4070b645f6324 , .ud568aff9970ad073afb4070b645f6324:hover , .ud568aff9970ad073afb4070b645f6324:visited , .ud568aff9970ad073afb4070b645f6324:active { border:0!important; } .ud568aff9970ad073afb4070b645f6324 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud568aff9970ad073afb4070b645f6324 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud568aff9970ad073afb4070b645f6324:active , .ud568aff9970ad073afb4070b645f6324:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud568aff9970ad073afb4070b645f6324 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud568aff9970ad073afb4070b645f6324 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud568aff9970ad073afb4070b645f6324 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud568aff9970ad073afb4070b645f6324 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud568aff9970ad073afb4070b645f6324:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud568aff9970ad073afb4070b645f6324 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud568aff9970ad073afb4070b645f6324 .ud568aff9970ad073afb4070b645f6324-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud568aff9970ad073afb4070b645f6324:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Time to Kill EssayMajor characters of Rifleman Dodd that made him overcome the challenges There are some lessons learned from this book based on his characters. These attributes include: Skill and talent Smartness Kind Determined High devotion for his duty. One other lesson  learned  from this book is how a single man  can make  a great contribution to any nation  in cases of despair  just by his courage and determination.  Dodd has the ideology that if a plan refuses  to work out, there is a need to make another one and there is no room for hopelessness.  He was taught that he must carry out his duty or die trying.

The Things They Carried

The Things They Carried is a fictional chef-d’oeuvre by Tim O’Brien, which catalogs among other things, the different things that soldiers carried to the Vietnam War. These soldiers carried emotional and physical burdens alike. Obrien notes, â€Å"They carried the emotional baggage of men who might die. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Things They Carried specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Grief, terror, love, longing-these were intangibles, but the intangibles had their own mass and specific gravity, they had tangible weight. They carried shameful memories†¦cowardice†¦they carried the soldier’s fear (20). The psychological effects of the Vietnam War tore the soldiers psychologically especially Lieutenant Cross. The psychological burden of guilt surfaces immediately after the story starts. Jimmy Cross, a lieutenant enlisted to take care of the other soldiers is the victim of the guilt burden. Jimmy witnessed as a bullet broke open Lavender’s skull. Given the fact that he was the one in charge of the other soldiers’ well-being, he felt he could have done something to prevent Lavender’s death. Unfortunately, he could do nothing at that point; Lavender was dead and gone for good. Jimmy became emotionally troubled because instead of concentrating on the security and well-being of fellow soldiers he could only think of Martha. Consequently, Lavender died due to his lack of concentration or so he thought. Jimmy could not live up to this duty and when Lavender died before his eyes, he realized how careless he had been in executing his duties. All these feelings culminated into guilt feelings, an emotional burden that he had to bear so long as the war continued. What a terrible emotional baggage for one to carry! Cross sincerely loved Martha and no matter how hard he tried to subdue these feelings, they resurfaced with time. This psychological burden weighed so heavily on him that at times he lost focus on the war. O’Brien observes, â€Å"He loved her so much†¦though painful, he wondered who had been with her that afternoon† (8). Though painful, Jimmy decided to forget Martha completely, bear the psychological turmoil attached to it, and focus on the war. Forgetting a lover is not an easy task, it takes more than a willing heart, it takes absolute resolve, and this comes with its psychological upheavals. Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Emotionally, Cross was a torn person, full of sorrows and heavy laden with emotional burdens. O’Brien deliberately explores Jimmy’s case to show the psychological burdens that the soldiers brought along together with the things they carried. Lieutenant Jimmy Cross was not alone in this predicament, as aforementioned, every soldier had his fair sha re of emotional baggage, as shown by the few soldiers O’Brien chose to use in The Things They Carried. Family ties are usually very strong and separating someone from his/her family amounts to emotional torture; something that the soldiers had to live with. For instance, Kiowa, â€Å"†¦carried an illustrated New Testament that had been presented to him by his father†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (O’Brien 3). Nothing could remind Kiowa of his dad like that treasured bible; every time he saw the bible, he would remember his beloved father. Henry Dobbins on his part carried a pair of pantyhose and he would poke his noses into the paper containing the panties from time to time. Not that Henry Dobbins loved his girlfriend’s panties; no, he missed her and this burdened him psychologically. In conclusion, the intangible things that the soldiers carried into the Vietnam War had real weight, to some extent, heavier than the physical burdens. Jimmy Cross carried the guilt of letti ng Lavender die while engrossed in thoughts of his ever-elusive lover, Martha. Kiowa carried the emotional burden of his father and grandfather and the possibility of not seeing them once again weighed heavily on him. Collectively, these soldiers experienced different forms of psychological torture, especially Cross who had to forget his lover and bear the guilt of seeing Lavender die from his carelessness. Works Cited O’Brien, Tim. The Things They Carried. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1990. This essay on The Things They Carried was written and submitted by user Grady Cash to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. The Things They Carried â€Å"The Things They Carried† is a short story written by Tim O’Brien to present to the readers his own autobiography and a war memoir. O’Brien complicates the narration by creating the protagonist who actually shares his real name. The story is about a platoon of soldiers from the American soil fighting in the Vietnam War.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Things They Carried specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The title of the story â€Å"The Things They Carried† is effective for it describes the soldiers and the kind of valuables they brought along in their missions. This is evidenced by the introduction of the story where Tim O’Brien gives a detailed description of the main characters and what they carry from the physical items to emotional ones as well. This paper will focus on the title of the story â€Å"The Things They Carried† and how it acts as a guide to the me aning of the story. Through the use of literary techniques, the author gives detailed accounts of the tangible and intangible things which the soldiers take with them and which most of the times burden them. Each of the soldier’s possessions defines the kind of people they really are. The things that the soldiers carry depend on several factors like their constitutions, priorities, missions, necessity, and sometimes superstition. The narrator says â€Å"they carried malaria tablets, love letters, 28 pound mine detectors, dope, illustrated bibles, and each other.† If the soldiers happen to arrive home safely and sound, â€Å"they carried unrelenting images of a nightmarish war† (O’Brien, 2009). The title of the story fits well with its meaning as evidenced by the first point of view of the narrator when describing the things they carry. Jimmy Cross the Lieutenant of the company carries letters written by his girlfriend Martha everywhere he goes. Even thoug h the girl has not given Jimmy a sign or an indication of love, he still carries the letters as a reminder of his love for her. Jimmy’s backpack carries each letter written by Martha and his mouth carries â€Å"her good luck charm† (O’Brien, 2009). After marching the whole day, Jimmy would sit down, unwrap the letters and fantasize that Martha will one day come to her senses and returning his love. Apart from the letters, Jimmy does carry Martha’s photographs to serve as a memory of her. It was only once that he got the chance to go on a movie date with Martha. During the movie, he had touched her knee and the look she gave him made Jimmy withdraw his hand fast. O’Brien explains that, while on mission, Jimmy wishes that â€Å"he had carried her upstairs, tied her to the bed, and touched her knee the whole night† (2009).Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The description of the physical items carried by the men on their day to day events give the story a meaning. The narrator O’Brien makes it possible for the reader to realize this; he explains the physical items as mosquito repellants, chewing gums, and pocket knives among others (2009). Henry Dobbins one of the platoon members carries a large machine gun and extra rations of food to nourish his huge body. At the same time, Dobbins superstitious nature makes him carry and tie the pantyhose of his girlfriend around the neck. Ted Lavender who is ever nervous carries tranquilizers and marijuana to use when he need to calm down. Kiowa who is a religious man carries the New Testament Bible given to him by his father in all missions. The things that these men carry are highly determined by the kind of necessities they have. One Dave Jensen is a very hygienic man and as a result, he carries his tooth brush wherever he goes together with dental floss and bar soaps stolen from Sydney, Australia. As a matter of necessity, the men are required to carry important items like wrist watches, mosquito repellants, can openers, heat tabs, pocket knives, lighters, sewing kits, matches, salt, cigarettes, water, food rations, and Military payment Certificates among other items. Steel helmets and camouflage covers are equally a necessity which each man has to carry. For clothing, the men would carry fatigue trousers and jackets, boots, socks, and foot powder to protect them against foot diseases. While Mitchell Sanders carries condoms, Norman Bowker carries his diary, and Rat Kiley values his comic books and carries them everywhere. According to O’Brien, the land is full of booby traps, therefore it is a necessity for every man to carry â€Å"steel centered, nylon covered flak jacket† (2009). With the cold nights, it is a requirement that the men carry plastic ponchos which are green in color, to use as raincoats during the monsoons or makesh ift tent or even a groundsheet. All these items are universal and essential as evidenced by Ted Lavender’s situation after he is shot; using the poncho, the men wrap him well and carry him across the paddies to the chopper which takes him away for treatment. Depending on psychology and topography, the men carry the right kind of weapons and enough ammunition. According to the type of mission, the men carry varied weapons to suit the varied situations. They carry M-14S, shotguns, Simonov carbines, bayonets, Smith and Wesson handguns, and silencers among the many types of weapons.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Things They Carried specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In most situations, Lee Strunk carries his slingshot which he calls â€Å"the weapon of last resort† (O’Brien, 2009). Kiowa would carry the hatchet which his grandfather was fond of using and Mitchell Sanders carries brass knuckl es. Each man is required to carry grenades; the grenades could be smoke grenades, white phosphoric grenades or tear gas grenades. Tim O’Brien explains that â€Å"they carried all they could bear, and then some; including a silent awe for the terrible power of the things they carried† (O’Brien, 2009). The things they carry also vary with the kind of mission to attend; on a mountainous mission, the men carry machetes, tarps, mosquito nets, and bug juice. On night and ambush missions, each man carries the most valued item in their lives. The title the things they carried gives meaning to the entire story as evidenced by the stuff the soldiers carry. Superstition plays a role in the things the men carry; Jimmy Cross does not leave his good luck charm in the form of a pebble given to him by Martha. Dave Jenson carries along a rabbit foot and Norman Bowker carries the thumb given to him by Mitchell Sanders. The men carry stationary, pens and pencils, safety pins, sign al flares, razor blades, candles, fingernail clippers, trip flares, wire, hats, statuettes of the Buddha, and so much more.In conclusion, the things the men carry change after Ted Lavender’s death. With Lieutenant Jimmy Cross blaming himself for fantasizing about Martha instead of saving Ted, he burns everything that reminds him of her. The title of the story gives its meaning; of all the things the men carry, the greatest burden is their emotions. They carry loads of desires, memories, and fears as well. To show the seriousness of the intangible burden, the lieutenant Jimmy Cross says â€Å"it is very sad the things the men carried inside† (O’Brien, 2009). Reference O’Brien, T. (2009). The things they carried: A work of fiction. Boston: Houghton MifflinAdvertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on The Things They Carried was written and submitted by user Helena Rosa to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How does Turkeys greater democratization influence the handling of the Cyprus dispute

Introduction The Cyprus issue has been a major part of Turkey’s political agenda since 1974 with nationalistic sentiments and security concerns dominating the discourse about the problem. The importance of Cyprus to Turkey has remained significant with Turkey consistently asserting its national interests in Cyprus.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How does Turkey’s greater democratization influence the handling of the Cyprus dispute? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to the Turkish ministry of Foreign Affairs, â€Å"Cyprus is an issue involving Turkey’s vital national and strategic interests†1. The Turkish government has therefore invested significant amount of effort and commitment to the issue. Even so, there have been significant changes in Turkey’s handling of the Cyprus dispute as a result of moves by Turkey towards greater democratization. These moves have primaril y been as a result of progress towards EU membership by Turkey. Turkey has undertaken substantial reforms to conform with the Copenhagen criteria which are a prerequisite to becoming an EU member state. In addition to this, Turkey has displayed considerable enthusiasm to resolving the Cyprus conflict. This paper will assess how Turkey’s greater democratization has and continues to influence the handling of the Cyprus dispute. This paper shall discuss how Turkey’s greater democratization has influenced the positive steps towards resolution of the Cyprus dispute. The paper shall demonstrate that by offering Turkey the possibility of full-EU membership, the EU propelled profound changes in Turkey’s domestic and foreign policy. Brief Historical Overview of Turkey Modern day Turkey traces its roots to the Ottoman Empire which was a powerful and important player in the European state system. This powerful entity was brought to an end following World War I and Istanbul was occupied by British and French forces. However, The Turks managed to gain freedom from European occupation under the 1920 Treaty of Sevres. The modern Republic of Turkey was subsequently founded in October 1923 and its present day borders established.2 Turkey differs significantly from the other EU constituents in that it is not Christian, does not share Europe’s Greco-Roman cultural and historical heritage, and is not geographically located on the European continent3.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The guiding principles of the new Turkish state were secularism and homogenous nationalism. The newly formed Republic of Turkey was keen to elevate itself into a modernized state. Therefore, from its birth, Turkey embarked on a Westernization process so as to elevate its status and improve its security both at home and abroad. The Cyprus Island was once under Tur kish rule as a result of the conquest of the Ottoman Empire in 1951. The Island was then leased to Britain but following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, the island became a British colony hence marking an end of the Turkish claim. Even so, there existed Turks on the Cyprus Island and hence Turkish interest in Cyprus continued. Another reason for this interest was because Turkey viewed Cyprus as strategically located and hence of military significance. The Cyprus Issue The conflict between the two ethnic groups which reside on the island of Cyprus: the Greek Cypriots and the Turkish Cypriots has been a major part of international politics for nearly half a century. The Republic of Cyprus obtained international legal standing in 1960 through a compromise result negotiated by the governments of the United Kingdom, Greece, and Turkey. Majority of the Greek Cypriots hoped for a union of Cyprus with Greece while the majority of Turkish Cypriots supported the division of t he island between the two motherlands of Turkey and Greece. Under such a foundation, it was agreed that the guarantor powers (United Kingdom, Greece and Turkey) could directly interfere with the domestic affairs of the newly formed state of Cyprus in the event that circumstances spun out of control. Even after its independence, the Greek-Cypriot dominated Cyprus remained a volatile region. Greco-Turkish conflicts broke out in the new republic of Cyprus on 21 December 1963. These fighting broke off because of the lack of security for the Turkish elements in the government. As a result of this, the partnership government which had been formed by the Greek and Turkish Cypriots broke down.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How does Turkey’s greater democratization influence the handling of the Cyprus dispute? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Turkey planed an all out invasion of Cyprus in 1964 but the move was s topped due to US diplomatic pressure. Inter communal fighting continued between the two ethnic groups and an escalation of this fighting led to the break down of the constitutional order that had united the Island. In the summer of 1974, a Greek-inspired coup on Cyprus led to the invasion by Turkey of the northern part of the island. The Turkish military intervention on the island was carried out in the face of strong objections and pressure from Turkey’s key Western allies. This demonstrates the significance that Cyprus holds to Turkey. The Turkish intervention of 1974 led to a partitioning of the island into two distinctive zones: the northern Turkish and southern Greek. In consequence of this invasion, Turk-Cypriots now hold 40% of the island’s territory. In 1983, the Turkish Cypriots declared an independent Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) whose boundaries extended from the green line established by the UN separating northern and southern Cyprus. However, Turkey is the only Nation which recognizes this self declared state.. Efforts have been made to try and settle the issue with the invention of Greece and Turkey to no avail. The United Nation and European Union have also made attempts to try and aid the settling of the issue to no avail. Turkey and Greece Relations Turkey’s relationship with Greece has a direct bearing on its handling of the Cyprus dispute. Since the Turkish invasion of Cyprus following the 1974 Cyprus crises, Greece regarded Turkey as a major security threat. This was because of the close proximity for Greece to Turkey and the much smaller population of Greece as compared to Turkey. In addition to this, Turkey repeatedly rejected Greece’s proposal for a bilateral non-use of force pact. All this was under the backdrop of Turkey gradually increasing her military capabilities. The acquisition and deployment of the Russian s-300 anti-aircraft missile system by Cyprus lead to increase anxiety by Turkey ov er the intentions of Greek-Cyprus. Greece-Turkey relationships are of major significance in Turkey’s EU membership goals. Turkey has historically had a clear adversary within the EU in the form of Greece. The enmity between these two states had served as a major blocking point to Turkish candidacy up until 1999. This is because even if Turkey were to meet all the conditions for membership to the EU, Greece would veto Turkey’s membership in the EU.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Relations between Turkey and Greece started to warm up during the Kosovo conflict when the two governments acknowledged the need for improved relationships. The catastrophic earthquakes that hit Turkey and Greece in August and September 1999 further improved relationships between the two nations. Greece’s swift reaction to the Turkish tragedy changed the mood between the nations and resulted in similar good wiled reactions by Turkey following the Greece earthquake. Both countries through official and private initiatives sought to alleviate the plight of earthquake-torn Greeks and Turks. Following this events, Greece accepted the granting of EU candidate status to Turkey in the December 1999 EU Summit. This was a monumental step since Greece had always been opposed to Turkey’s ambition to join the EU. Ker-Lindsay states that in view of the belief in the power of the EU to transform Turkey into a less threatening neighbor, Greece has since 1999 become one of the strong p rotagonists of eventual Turkish membership4. The Cyprus Dispute and Europeanization of Turkey The Europeanization process has assisted Turkey’s ambitions to join EU since. This is because Europeanization in essence implied adoption of an active approach towards the Balkans and advocating the region’s eventual integration into the structures of the European Union. Turkey’s ambitions to become an associate or full member in European institutes and the European Union in particular go as far back as the early 1960s. These ambitions were best articulated in 1987 when Turkey formally applied for admission to the European Community in April 1987. At the moment, Turkey is an associate member of the EU, and has yet to accede to the EU and become a full member. While political reforms have been ongoing since transition to civilian rule in 1983, their speed and magnitude has been catalyzed by the candidacy for membership and the start of accession talks with the EU. A big incentive for Turkey to join the EU was the huge economic crisis that Turkey experienced between 200 and 2001. This crisis was an important force in propelling reforms towards EU membership. EU membership promised significant material benefits and in a time when Turkey was experiencing one of its worse economic crises, the potential benefits associated with EU membership looked promising. From the very onset of Turkey’s EU membership aspirations, the Greek-Turkish conflicts over Cyprus posed a serious problem to Turkey being given candidate status. Turkey is a predominantly Muslim country and this had resulted in issues of bad blood as a result of the Islamophobia that is typical of much of the Western. Painting an image of a democratic and peaceful Turkey has therefore been a key goal of the government over the past decade. These factors have influenced the stance taken by the AKP government with regard to the Cyprus issue. Turkey was determined to show that it was not the p arty refraining from reaching a solution to the dispute. In order to gain the world’s support, Turkey was determined to achieve a lasting peaceful solution to the Cyprus issue. Çelenk asserts that a major motivation for Turkey’s willingness for peace was â€Å"to prove the rightness and good will of the Turkish side to the world†5. This would further aid in Turkey’s quest for Europeanization and integration into the EU. Changes in Turkey’s Approach to the Cyprus Problem Prior to the 1999 Helsinki Summit, Turkey’s Cyprus policy was based upon rigid nationalistic lines. The problem was thus perceived as one of â€Å"national cause† and indeed a matter of national security. A resolution of the Turkish Parliament of 1999 presented a solid framework for Turkish policies towards Cyprus. The document stated that unless the reality of two separate states in Cyprus was acknowledged and equal treatment afforded to the two states, no settlem ent could be achieved. An internationally recognized TRNC would pacify Turkish security concerns hence increasing the likelihood of a settlement. Turkey also asserted that the application of Greek Cypriots for EU membership on behalf of the whole island was against the founding treaties of 1960 which specified that the interests of each of the guarantors (Turkey and Greece) be respected. Turkish leaders made it clear that Turkey would not relinquish Cyprus for the sake of EU membership and up to 2003, the Turkish government was threatening to counter EU integration with Cyprus by increasing integration between Turkey and the TRNC. Annexation of the TRNC was even considered by the Turkish government in several incidences. Following the Helsinki Summit of the EU in 1999, the southern part of the island of Cyprus was allowed to join the EU despite the fact that there was no settlement of the Cyprus issue. Çelenk notes that the same summit imposed the settlement of the Cyprus issue as one of the necessary preconditions that Turkey had to address before joining the EU6. This precondition accentuated the fact that an amicable settlement of the conflict on the island was inescapably tied to Turkey’s EU membership. By offering Turkey the possibility of full-EU membership in December 1999, The EU Helsinki Council provided a strong motivation for change in Turkey’s domestic politics7. This helped to propagate a series of radical reforms with regard to the democratization process Çelenk reveals that Turkey’s political agenda have had significant bearings on the Cyprus issue with Turkish foreign policy uncompromising attitude towards Cyprus being countered by its willingness to adopt greater democratization and hopefully become an EU member state8. Ulusoy explicitly states that the changes and alignments in Turkey’s foreign policy are closely related to democratization under the pressure of the EU accession process9. Since her applicati on to the EC in 1987, Turkey adopted a strategy that was based on rejecting any linkage between the Cyprus issues and EU-Turkey relations. However, the 1999 Helsinki Summit established a clear linkage between the progress of the nature of Turkey-EU relations and the resolution of Turkey’s conflicts with her neighbors. The coming to power in 2002 of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) presented a new dawn in Turkey’s foreign policy. While the governments before AKP had strongly opposed any compromise in resolving the Cyprus issue. The policy adopted by the AKP government which demonstrated a willingness to pursue a solution through a positive attitude was a major breakthrough. A crucial distinguishing characteristic of AKP from the previous governments was that it openly accepted the linkage between Turkey-EU relations and the Cyprus issue. An EU progress Report on Turkey issued on November 5, 2003 stated that â€Å"lack of a solution in Cyprus can pose a serious o bstacle to Turkey’s EU process†10. This statement was the first official link of Turkey’s EU membership with the Cyprus issue. The Turkish government therefore sought to support international efforts for the unification of Cyprus since the Cyprus issue had direct bearings on Turkey’s EU ambitions. The EU summit in December 2004 noted that Turkey had contributed positively towards the solution of the Cyprus problem. The summit also recognized the improvement in Turkey’s relations with her neighbors. Following the failed referendum of the Annan Plan as a result of the Greek-Cypriots vote, Turkey’s policy on the Cyprus issue started to move toward delinking its membership perspective from the resolution of the conflict. Accession talks could not begin immediately after the 1999 candidacy status of Turkey due to Turkey’s non-compliance with the Copenhagen political criteria. Beginning in 2001, the EU has published Accession Partnership doc uments that illustrate issues that Turkey should address in its bid to fulfill the Copenhagen criteria. In December 2004, negotiations were deemed as being ready to commence since the European commission judged that Turkey had â€Å"sufficiently fulfilled the Copenhagen political criteria†11. IT should be note that Accession negotiations are not negotiations in the literal sense of the word, but rather the candidate county’s progressive adoption of EU laws and regulations. Following this, Turkey embarked upon intensive legislative reforms so as to meet the Copenhagen criteria. These reforms were aimed at bringing Turkish democracy up to European standard by eliminating the authoritarian aspects of the Turkish constitutional and legal system. Effects of Turkey’s Democratization efforts to Cyprus dispute Turkey’s democratization efforts have had a significant positive impact on the Cyprus issue. Before the democratization efforts, Turkey was content to unde rtake a passive stance in the solution of the Cyprus dispute. The coming to power of the Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve KalkÄ ±nma Partisi, AKP) in November 2002 marked a significant change in the Turkish government’s Cyprus policy. Çelenk notes that right after the general elections, the leader of AKP, Tayyip Erdogan, pointed to the need for a fundamental change in the policies that had been in place for the previous 30 years12. Erdogan argued that the passive policies that had until then served the status quo could not be expected to result in a solution for the Cyprus issue. A radical change in Turkey’s attitude towards the issue was proposed as the key to attaining a solution. Democratization is characterized by voting rights and the primacy of civilian rule over military rule. Turkish politics traditionally represents a contest for power between civilians and the military which has historically exerted a lot of influence over the country’s po litics. The military through the National Security Council (NSC) often expresses its views on issues and has a huge influence on the policymaking process. Diez notes that as of 2000, features of Turkey’s political landscape continued to resemble those of the 1970s with the military playing a dominant role in Turkish politics via the NSC13. Turkey’s EU membership process caused significant changes since the EU demanded for democratization in Turkey. This demand required that the TAF would no longer be a political actor or have immense influence on the policymaking process. In essence, the EU membership ambitions called on the curbing of the influence of the army in the political arena. Due to the huge public support for EU membership in Turkey, the military could not openly oppose steps towards democratization. The move by the AKP to restructure the foreign policy was the first major challenge on the values of the army since Turkey announced its ambitions to join the EU . This move challenged the policies and values that had for a long time promoted the influence of the military in the domestic and foreign affair policies of Turkey. In fact when the government began to take a series of initiatives in line with the new stance regarding Cyprus, the TAF also came up with its plans. While the government’s plan was accommodating and in line with the Annan Plan, the military’s pan took a different attitude towards the Annan Plan and regarded it as unacceptable14. The Land Forces General when as far as to state that â€Å"the UN Cyprus Plan was unacceptable, could lead to violence and it threatened Turkey’s interests and island’s security†15. Following this declarations, the army pledged its continued support for the Northern Cyprus leader and his approach to the Cyprus problem. This illustrates the power struggle that continued between the civilian rulers and the army. As a democracy, Turkey’s leaders would have to rely more and more on the support of the domestic population to ensure their reelection. Increasing the political party’s powers presented one of the best ways to achieve this. As it were, there was huge public support for EU membership in Turkey. The ruling party AKP was keen to work towards achieving the desires of the people so as to increase its popularity. The ruling Turkey’s party, AKP, adopted a different strategy in dealing with the president of the TRNC. While the previous Turkish foreign policy had praised the Turkish Cypriots leader and supported his methods for dealing with the Cyprus dispute, the AKP government criticized him and challenged his policies and attitudes towards the Cyprus Issue. Turkey’s new policy was in line with the EU’s attitude since Turkey wanted EU membership. By restructuring the Cyprus policy in a manner that was supported by the EU, the AKP demonstrated to the people its resolve to achieve EU membership. This provid ed a means of protecting the interests of AKP by increasing the party’s power and domestic support. Prospects of Turkey Democratizing and Solving the Cyprus Problem Over the course of the last 10 years, Turkey has made significant progress towards democratization both as a result of public pressure but mostly so as to join the EU. Turkey has also increasingly shown its commitment to solving the Cyprus problem in line with the wishes of the US. The referendum to vote for the Annan Plan in 2004 demonstrated Turkish resolve to settle the Cyprus issue. The Annan Plan was a United Nations proposal to settle the dispute of the divided island nation of Cyprus by creating the United Cyprus Republic under terms that were agreeable to all the key actors in the dispute. The Turkish Cypriots voted in favor of the plan with a 64.9% majority mostly as a result of the influence of Turkey. It was the Greek Cypriots who rejected the Annan Plan with a 75.8% vote against. The negative response to the Annan Plan by the Greek Cypriots was a disappointment to most members of the EU. This was because the resolution of the Cyprus problem was a major goal of the EU and it was always assumed that the leaders of the Turkish-Cypriot community were the main opponents of the unification of the Island. Despite the positive developments made by Turkey, her prospects for membership still remain out of reach. The main reason for this is the slow pace of democratization that is exhibited in Turkey. The Turkish military and conservative politicians have been pointed out as the two parties mostly responsible for the slow progress. These two groups fear that the extensive political freedoms that democratization in line with EU requirements would bring could endanger the unity of the country by empowering separatist groups. For Turkey, the Cyprus problem has not been a typical foreign policy issue but rather a â€Å"national cause† which has had clear repercussions on the power strugg le in Turkey. The Cyprus issue has been used as a populist tool by hardliners in Turkey due to the issues high nationalist resonance. Ulusoy reveals that the Cyprus issue has since the early 1950s been used by political elites for the purpose of inciting nationalism, populism and hence diverting the attention of the public from domestic, social, and economic problems. Issues with the Cyprus situations became evident in 29 July 2005 where Turkey issued a declaration stating that its signature in the EU summit in December 2004 (where the decision to extend its Customs Union with the EU to al new member states including Cyprus) did not constitute recognition of the divided island. This declaration was met by a counter declaration by the EU which clearly asserted that recognizing all EU member states was mandatory for the accession process to proceed16. This meant that Turkey had to recognize the Republic of Cyprus as a precondition to becoming an EU member state. In addition to this, t he 2005 framework of negotiations for Turkey included clauses that required Turkey to take steps to contribute to a favorable climate for a comprehensive settlement of the Cyprus issue. Even with increasing pressure from the EU to normalize her relations with Cyprus, Turkey continued to show opposition to Cyprus. Specifically, Turkey insisted that Cyprus be excluded from EU-NATO strategic cooperation in crisis management. In the late 2005, Turkey denied all Cypriot-flagged ships access to its ports and even closed its airspace to Cypriot aircrafts. Turkey and the Middle East Part of the reason why Turkey is so important to Europe is because of its strategic location as a buffer state between Europe and the Middle East. Turkey’s potential influence to countries in the Middle East is also monumental. Zucconi declares that the model Turkey is increasingly offering to Middle Eastern countries can have a great impact on their evolution towards democratic politics17. A Turkey that is visibly integrated in the EU would have an even bigger political impact on Turkey’s immediate neighbors. Turkey’s integration would create a strong pressure for introduction of democratic politics through out the Middle East The EU also deems Turkey as a key ally in the troubled Middle East region. As far back as 1946, the US regarded Turkey as an important military factor in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East and hence US provided the Turks with military assistance to wade off the Soviets. At the present, the regions volatility is accentuated by the growing power of Iran whose pursuit of nuclear weapons is cause for concern. Turkey’s membership in the EU would stabilize the volatile Middle East by removing the likelihood of a confrontation between Iran and Turkey18. This is because Iran would be highly unlikely to challenge a Turkey that is an EU member. Turkey’s Human Rights Situation One of the EU accession requirements as articulated in the Copenhagen criteria is that a country’s political system be characterized by democracy and a respect of human rights. Before its candidacy to the EU, Turkey was characterized by gross human right violations. Cases of police torture, extrajudicial killings and lack of a free press were rampant. Following its Candidacy status with the EU, Turkey has undertaken significant steps so as to fulfill the Copenhagen criteria. These steps have involved marked changes in the human rights scenario of the country. The Criminal Justice System of Turkey was historically marred with allegations of human right abuses. In preparation for EU membership, Turkey has made substantial improvements in this area. To begin with, reforms of the prison system and creation of the Monitoring Boards and a new system of enforcement judges has been implemented. There has also been the reduction in the length of time between arrest and trial so as to ensure that people do not spend too much time in police custody. Turkey also included provisions for retrial of individuals whose convictions were found by the European Court of Human Rights to be in violation of the European Convention of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. In addition to this, reforms were adopted in 2002 that lifted the death penalty in peace time and expanded the freedom of expression and greater freedom for non-Muslim religious minorities. There have been marked improvements in pretrial detention and Turkey’s new Penal Code, adopted in September 2003 and due to take effect in April 2005, defines torture and ill-treatment in accordance with international conventions. Members of security forces may not be held personally liable for judgments of torture or ill-treatment by the ECHR. Despite these drastic improvements in Turkey’s constitutional and legal system through the above named reforms, the implementation process is slow. In the areas of individual rights, there have been continued cases of tort ure and abuse by the police. Ulusoy reveals that there were 11 cases of extra judicial killings reported in the year 200819. Despite the alleged freedom of expression, there is still continued prosecution of writers, journalists, and publishers who are critical of the government. As of 2007, while allegations of police torture had declined markedly, abuses were still common especially in political cases. Discussion Turkey’s domestic and foreign policy have been undergoing profound changes since 1999 to the present time. These changes have included Turkey’s handling of the Cyprus issue. Undoubtedly, the greatest external force influencing Turkey’s handling of the Cyprus issue is its candidacy status with the EU. Without EU membership aspiration, it is highly unlikely that Turkey’s political system would have moved so rapidly to reform Turkey’s political system into a democracy. The Cyprus issue is linked to the relationship between Turkey and the EU . This has a significant effect on the Cyprus issue since prospects of EU membership are an important factor in the construction of Turkey’s Cyrus policies. From this paper, it is clear that the restructuring of Turkey’s policy towards Cyprus was as a result of the establishment of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) government. The AKP’s ability to shape new policies concerning Cyprus was as a result of the army’s limited area of interference. This limited interference was due to reforms made for the sake of EU membership. Greece is historically a dominant actor in the development of relations between Turkey and the EU and a cordial relationship between Greece and Turkey is helpful for Turkeys EU membership ambitions. The relationship between greater democratization and Turkey’s EU membership is that the more democratized Turkey becomes, the more it would adopt a more compromising style and a more EU-oriented outcomes. As such, as Turkey becom es more democratized, the participation of various societal groups in the foreign policy-making process would result in the adoption of more co-operative attitudes towards other democracies. However, there has been inconsistency of EU member states over Turkey’s place in the Union. For all its attempts at fulfilling the conditions set in order to become a member of the EU, Turkey still faces strong opposition from some of the major EU member states. A number of influential European leaders most notable of whom are Chancellor Angela Merkel and French President Nicolas Sarkozy have continued to openly oppose Turkey’s EU membership. The EU leaders who are against Turkey’s membership have advocated that Turkey-EU relations should continue on a partner that would not lead to full membership, but rather a status labeled as â€Å"privileged partner†20. This is proposed to be the major factor that is undermining the reform process in Turkey. The anti-reformist fo rces in Turkey point to this mixed reaction as proof that EU membership is unachievable for Turkey and as such, the democratization process should be stopped. Conclusion The aim of this research was to analyze the impact that Turkey’s greater democratization has on the handling of the Cyprus dispute. It has been noted that Turkey’s domestic and foreign policy have been undergoing profound changes since 1999 to the present time as a result of EU membership aspirations. There has been a significant change in Turkey’s handling of the Cyprus issue and specifically, the past decade has witnessed a surge in attempts to resolve the issue with Turkey playing a very dominant role. Turkey’s handling of the Cyprus issue has been influenced by the reconstruction of Turkey’s image in the international arena and the need to maintain good relations with the EU even as Turkey aims for accession into the EU. The Turkish government has actively tried to resolve the Cyprus issue albeit with little success. The paper has also reviewed Turkey’s Human Rights situation and while Turkey’s status is not yet at par with EU standards, the current situation represents a marked improvement from the human rights state from the past decades. However, this paper has taken care to point out that there still exists opposition to the democratization efforts and political reform in Turkey by some of the by political elites. This opposition may seriously undervalue the political transformation and progress that Turkey has made up to date. Even so, there is immense societal pressure for the Turkish government to join the EU hence the anti-reform forces are most likely to fail. While the Cyprus issue is yet unsolved, this paper has demonstrated that the democratization process in Turkey as well as the goodwill and efforts of the Turkish government have broken the stalemate that surrounded the issue since 1974. A solution to the Cyprus problem is clos er to being realized now than it ever was in the past three decades. Bibliography Çelenk, A. A., ‘The Restructuring of Turkey’s Policy towards Cyprus: The Justice and Development Party’s Struggle for Power’. Turkish Studies, 8:3, 2007, pp. 349-363. Cizre, U., Secular and Islamic politics in Turkey: the making of the Justice and Development Party. Routledge, 2008. Diez, T., The European Union and the Cyprus conflict: modern conflict, postmodern union. Manchester University Press, 2002. Kabasakal, Z., Human rights in Turkey. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007. Ker-lindsay, J. ‘The Policies of Greece and Cyprus towards Turkey’s EU Accession’. Turkish Studies, 8: 1, 2007, pp.71-83 Killias, C, et al., Greece and Turkey in the 21st century: conflict or cooperation, a political economy perspective, Nova Publishers, 2003. Kinacioglu, M. Oktay, G., ‘The Domestic Dynamics of Turkey’s Cyprus Policy: Implications for Turkeyâ⠂¬â„¢s Accession to the European Union’. Turkish Studies, Vol. 7, No. 2, 261–273, June 2006. Oguzlu, T Kibaroglu, M., ‘Is the Westernization Process Losing Pace in Turkey: Who’s to Blame?’. Turkish Studies, 10: 4, 577 — 593, 2009. Onis, z. Keyman, Fuat., ‘Helsinki, Copenhagen And Beyond: Challenges To The New Europe And The Turkish State’. International Relations, March 2003. Sozen, A., ‘A Paradigm Shift in Turkish Foreign Policy: Transition and Challenges’. Turkish Studies, Vol. 11, No. 1, March 2010, pp. 103–123. Ulusoy, K., ‘The Europeanization of Turkey and its impact on the Cyprus problem’. Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans, Volume 10, Number 3, December 2008. Yesilada, A., Some expected and some not-so-expected Benefits of Turkey’s EU Membership for both Parties. European Union Studies Conference, May, 2007. Zucconi, M., ‘The Impact of the EU Connection on Turkey†™s Domestic and Foreign Policy’. Turkish Studies, 10: 1, 2009, pp.25-36. Footnotes 1 T Diez, The European Union and the Cyprus conflict: modern conflict, postmodern union. Manchester University Press, 2002, p.57. 2 OÄŸuzlu, T KibaroÄŸlu, M, ‘Is the Westernization Process Losing Pace in Turkey: Who’s to Blame?’, Turkish Studies, 10: 4, 2009, p.577. 3 ibid., p. 580. 4 J Ker-lindsay, ‘The Policies of Greece and Cyprus towards Turkey’s EU Accession’, Turkish Studies, 8: 1, 2007, p. 74. 5 A Çelenk, ‘The Restructuring of Turkey’s Policy towards Cyprus: The Justice and Development Party’s Struggle for Power’, Turkish Studies, 8:3,2007, p.351. 6 ibid., p. 351. 7 Z Onis F Keyman, ‘Helsinki, Copenhagen And Beyond: Challenges To The New Europe And The Turkish State’, International Relations, March 2003, p.34. 8 Çelenk, op. cit., p. 350. 9 K Ulusoy, The Europeanization of Turkey and its impact on the Cyprus problem. Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans, Volume 10, Number 3, December 2008, p.313. 10 M Kinacioglu, G Oktay, ‘The Domestic Dynamics of Turkey’s Cyprus Policy: Implications for Turkey’s Accession to the European Union’. Turkish Studies, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2006, p.267. 11 Onis Keyman, op.cit., p.36. 12 Çelenk, op. cit., p. 351. 13 Diez, op. cit., p. 171. 14 Çelenk, op. cit., p. 356. 15 ibid., p. 357. 16 Ulusoy, op. cit., p. 318. 17 M Zucconi, ‘The Impact of the EU Connection on Turkey’s Domestic and Foreign Policy’, Turkish Studies, 10: 1, 2009, p.34. 18 A. Yesilada, Some expected and some not-so-expected Benefits of Turkey’s EU Membership for both Parties. European Union Studies Conference, May, 2007, p.4. 19 U Cizre, Secular and Islamic politics in Turkey: the making of the Justice and Development Party. Routledge, 2008, p.188. 20 ibid., p.185. This essay on How does Turkey’s greater democratization influence the handling of the Cyprus dispute? was written and submitted by user Adam D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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Gun Control A Firing Issue misc essays Gun control is undoubtedly an issue that most Americans have been exposed to. In 1989, guns killed 11,832 Americans. The National Rifle Association (NRA) members believe that it is their constitutional right to own guns, stating that guns are not the root of the crime problem in the United States. Gun control activists like the members of the Coalition to Stop Gun Violence (CSGV) argue that guns are responsible for the majority of violent crimes that take place. They wish to instill many types of bans and waiting periods on firearms, making it nearly impossible to obtain a handgun. In fact, in 1993 the Brady Bill, which mandates a waiting period on buying firearms, was passed. Their arguments range from protecting children to saying that guns are diseases, but when one looks at the facts, though, the arguments of gun control advocates seem irrelevant and it becomes clear that guns should not be controlled. Gun ownership by private citizens is protected under the 2nd Amendment. It states that "A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed."" The forefathers of our country meant for the people to own and use firearms, and any law or control on that right would be unconstitutional. Gun control activists essentially believe the Second Amendment guarantees only to its militia the right of arms, but the "Gun control proponents have yet to identify even a single quote from one of the founders to support their claim" (Silver 78). The 2nd Amendment supports gun owners, and hard evidence that it does otherwise is nonexistent. Gun control advocates have been lobbying for 7 years for the passage of the Brady Bill, which makes a waiting period mandatory for all national firearm sales. Ironically, the passage of this bill in 1993 has done nothing to reduce crime; in fact violen...

Various sources of short-term finance Assignment

Various sources of short-term finance - Assignment Example The researcher of this essay aims to pay special attention to various kinds of short-term finance sources available to the business entities. Four of those short-term sources are discussed below. Trade credit is a conventional source of short-term finance such that the traders and manufacturers are facilitated by their suppliers to purchase the raw material on credit. The amount of credit is not provided in the form of cash rather the goods are supplied by the suppliers to the manufacturers or traders with facility to pay for those goods after a certain time period generally ranging from 30 to 90 days. Banks also provide the short term credit facility to their customers especially to the business with the availability of funds in the form cash. Normally banks offer different kinds of credit facilities including loans, overdrafts, cash credit and discounting of short-term bills. At times, when the goods are quite costly or they are to be delivered in bulk and large quantities, the cus tomers are asked by the companies to at least pay some amount in the form of advances. These advance payments are used by the companies to meet their short-term obligations. Cooperative banks are created at the district, community levels such that these banks offer credit facilities to the business entities. They offer better credit facilities as compared to the commercial banks in terms of interest rates and the repayment of the credit. ... ntional source of short-term finance such that the traders and manufacturers are facilitated by their suppliers to purchase the raw material on credit. The amount of credit is not provided in the form of cash rather the goods are supplied by the suppliers to the manufacturers or traders with facility to pay for those goods after a certain time period generally ranging from 30 to 90 days. Bank Credit Banks also provide the short term credit facility to their customers especially to the business with the availability of funds in the form cash. Normally banks offer different kinds of credit facilities including loans, overdrafts, cash credit and discounting of short-term bills. These facilities mainly differ in terms of interest rates, repayment mechanisms, credit limits, etc. Customer’s Advances At times, when the goods are quite costly or they are to be delivered in bulk and large quantities, the customers are asked by the companies to at least pay some amount in the form of ad vances. These advance payments are used by the companies to meet their short-term obligations. Generally, the customers do not feel any hesitation in providing advances to the customers when they are aware of the fact that those goods would require some time to be delivered and the goods are also not available easily elsewhere. Loans from Cooperative Banks Cooperative banks are created at the district, community levels such that these banks offer credit facilities to the business entities. They offer better credit facilities as compared to the commercial banks in terms of interest rates and the repayment of the credit. However, those business concerns are obliged to become the members of those communities in order to avail the credit facilities provided by these cooperative banks. Comparison of